noun. A decree or edict of an Oriental sovereign, as of Turkey, issued for various special purposes, as to provide protection and assistance for a traveler, or to sanction an enterprise and prescribe its conditions; a passport; a permit; a license; a grant.

noun. In Turkey and some other Oriental countries, a decree or mandate issued by the sovereign; a royal order or grant; -- generally given for special objects, as to a traveler to insure him protection and assistance.

noun. A royal decree issued by a sovereign in certain historical Islamic states, especially by the Sultan of Turkey.

"The French missionaries had, in fact, a narrow escape of expulsion through the hostility of the Russian Government, which even proceeded to the length of extorting a firman from the late Shah prohibiting Christians from changing their religion."

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