"He enumerates six such component ideas: (1) nominalism, (2) utilitari - anism, (3) positivism (antimetaphysical scientific method), (4) kantianism (emphasis on the “practical reason” of the free will), (5) voluntarism of a Schopen - hauerian sort (ontological priority of the will over science), (6) fideism or Pascalian apologetics aimed at restoring religious faiths."